Steve Mackessy

Contact Information

Education

• Post-doctoral Research Associate, Biochemistry: Colorado State University
• Ph.D., Zoology/Biochemistry: Washington State University
• B.A., M.A., Evolution/Ecology: University of California Santa Barbara

Professional/Academic Experience

My academic background included coursework and research in evolution/ecology as well as biochemistry/toxinology, and this broad foundation allows me to utilize an integrated approach in both my teaching and research. I teach several graduate and undergraduate courses in biomedicine (Toxinology [Biology 565], Current Topics in Biomedical Research [Biology 556], Human Anatomy [Biology 341], Parasitology [Biology 333/533]) and vertebrate biology (Herpetology [Biology 335/535], Comparative Anatomy [Biology 345]) at UNC. As part of their training in Biological Sciences, many undergraduate students have participated in independent research in my lab [Biology 422]; several of these students were coauthors on peer-reviewed publications, and many have continued on in graduate and professional programs and careers.

Research/Areas of Interest

The general focus of much of my research is on venomous snakes and their venoms; however, particular research projects involve very different aspects of the biology of these remarkable animals, ranging from functional biochemistry to population molecular genetics to natural history/ecology. It is my opinion that an interdisciplinary approach to research can offer the best possibility of understanding an organism and mechanisms of its interactions with its environment, and so my research and that of my students utilizes this multifaceted approach. Below are elaborations of specific projects in progress.

A webinar produced summer of 2018 that discusses some aspects of venom composition and effects of these components on living tissues can be found here:  Reptile venoms - composition and action  Please note that figures and photographs are proprietary and copyright SP Mackessy 2021.

Publications/Creative Works

Journal articles: 

 *UNC graduate student; **UNC undergraduate student

2024

• Smith, C.F. Baldé, M.A., Bahrabadi, L., Amponsah-Asamoah, M., Larson, K.Y., Maroney, S.P., Ceja-Galindo, D., Millimouno, M., Camara, N., Benjamin, J., Brandehoff, N.P., Modahl, C.M., McCabe, M.C., Cohen, M.J., Castoe, T.A., Baldé, C., Jackson, K., Mackessy, S.P.,  Hansen, K.C., Saviola, A.J. 2024. Discerning specific thrombolytic activities and blood clot degradomes of diverse snake venoms with untargeted peptidomics. BioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.30.610527

• Meik, J., Watson, J., Schield, D., Perry, B., Francioli, Y., Guss, H., Mackessy, S.P., Castoe, Todd. 2024. Climatic temperature and precipitation jointly influence body size in species of western rattlesnakes. Royal Society Open Science 11(8):240345. 10.1098/rsos.240345

• Torres, S.V., M.B. Valle, S.P. Mackessy, S.K. Menzies, N.R. Casewell, S. Ahmadi, N.J. Burlet, E. Muratspahić, I. Sappington, M.D. Overath, E. Rivera-de-Torre, J. Ledergerber, A.H. Laustsen, K. Boddum, A.K. Bera, A. Kang, E. Brackenbrough, I.A. Cardoso, E.P. Crittenden, R.J. Edge, J. Decarreau, R.J. Ragotte, A.S. Pillai, M. Abedi, H.L. Han, S.R. Gerben, A. Murray, R. Skotheim, L. Stuart, L. Stewart, T.J.A. Fryer, T.P. Jenkins, D. Baker. 2024. De novo designed proteins neutralize lethal snake venom toxins. Research Square preprint, https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4402792/v1. In press, Nature.

• Gopalan SS, Perry BW, Francioli YZ, Schield DR, Guss HD, Bernstein JM, Ballard K, Smith CF, Saviola AJ, Adams RH, Mackessy SP, Castoe TA. 2024.  Diverse gene regulatory mechanisms alter rattlesnake venom gene expression at fine evolutionary scales.Genome Biology and Evolution (in press). https://academic.oup.com/gbe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/gbe/evae110/7675271?searchresult=1

• Smith, C.F., Modahl, C.M., Ceja-Galindo, D., Larson, K.Y., Maroney, S.P., Bahrabadi, L., Brandehoff, N.P., Perry, B.W., McCabe, M.C., Petras, D., Lomonte, B., Calvete, J.J., Castoe, T.A., Mackessy, S.P., Hansen, K.C., Saviola^Y A.J. 2024. Assessing target specificity of the small molecule inhibitor marimastat to snake venom toxins: A novel application of thermal proteome profiling. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 23 (6): 100779. https://www.mcponline.org/article/S1535-9476(24)00069-0/fulltext

• Modahl, C.M. Han, S.X., van Thiel, J., Vaz, C., Dunstan, N.L., Frietze, S., Jackson, T.N.W., Mackessy, S.P., Kini, R.M. 2024. Distinct regulatory networks control toxin gene expression in elapid and viperid snakes. BMC Genomics 25:186. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12864-024-10090-y.pdf  

• Balchan*, N.R., Smith, C.F., Mackessy, S.P. 2024. A plethora of rodents: Rattlesnake predators generate unanticipated patterns of venom resistance in a grassland ecosystem. Toxicon X 21:100179. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171023000310?via%3Dihub

2023

• Smith* C.F., Nikolakis Z., Perry B., Schield D.R., Meik J.M., Saviola, A.J., Castoe T.A., Parker J., Mackessy S.P. 2023. The best of both worlds? Rattlesnake hybrid zones generate complex combinations of divergent venom phenotypes that retain high toxicity. Biochimie 213:176-189. Share Link: https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1hTYP14QopgRPU
• Westfall, A.K.#, S.S. Gopalan#, B.W. Perry, R.H. Adams, A. Saviola, S.P. Mackessy, and T.A. Castoe. 2023. Single-cell heterogeneity in snake venom expression is hardwired by co-option of regulators from progressively activated pathways.Genome Biology and Evolution 15(6). #joint primary authors     https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evad109
• Smith*, C.F., Nikolakis, Z.L., Perry, B.W., Schield, D.R., Balchan*, N.R., Parker, J., Ivey, K., Hansen, K.C., Saviola, A.J., Castoe, T.A., Mackessy, S.P. 2023. Snakes on a plain: Biotic and abiotic factors determine venom compositional variation in a wide-ranging generalist rattlesnake.BMC Biology 21:136. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-023-01626-x
• Modahl, C.M., Han, S.X., van Thiel, J., Vaz, C., Dunstan, N.L., Frietze, S., Jackson, T.N.W.,  Mackessy, S.P., Kini, R.M. 2023. Distinct regulatory networks control toxin gene expression in elapid and viperid snakes. BioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.02.13.528252
• Samy, R.P., Mackessy, S.P., Jeyasankar, A., Ponraj, M.R., Franco, O.L., Cooper, M.A., Kandasamy, M., Vaiyapuri, S., Mohanta, T.K., Bhagavathsingh, J. 2023. Purification of PaTx-II from the venom of Australian King Brown Snake and characterization of its antimicrobial and wound healing activities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24:4359. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/5/4359
• Smith, C.F., Brandehoff, N.P., Pepin, L., McCabe, M.C., Castoe, T.A. Mackessy, S.P., Nemkov, T., Hansen, K.C., Saviola, A.J. 2023. Feasibility of detecting snake envenomation biomarkers from dried blood spots. Analytical Science Advances 4:26–36. https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ansa.202200050
• Grabowsky*, E.R., Saviola, A.J., Alvarado-Diaz, J., Quijada Mascareñas, A., Hansen, K.C., Yates III, J.R., Mackessy, S.P. 2023. Montane rattlesnakes in Mexico: Venoms of Crotalus tancitarensis and related species within the Crotalus intermedius group.Toxins 15(1), 72. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/1/72

2022

• Nikolakis, Z.L., D.R. Schield, A.K. Westfall, B.W. Perry, K.N. Ivey, R.W. Orton, N.R. Hales, R.H. Adams, J.M. Meik, J. Parker, C.F. Smith^*, Z. Gompert, S.P. Mackessy, and T.A. Castoe. 2022. Evidence that genomic incompatibilities and other multilocus processes impact hybrid fitness in a rattlesnake hybrid zone. Evolution 76 (11):2513-2530. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14612

• Schield, D.R., B.W. Perry, D.C. Card, G.I.M. Pasquesi, A.K. Westfall, S.P. Mackessy, and T.A. Castoe. 2022.  The rattlesnake W chromosome: A GC-rich retroelement refugium with retained gene function across ancient evolutionary strata. Genome Biology and Evolution 14(9). https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evac116

• Gopalan, S.S, B.W. Perry, D.R. Schield, C.F Smith^*, S.P. Mackessy, and T.A. Castoe. Origins, genomic structure, and copy number variation of snake venom myotoxins. Toxicon 216:92-106.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.06.014
• Schield, D.R., B.W. Perry, R.H. Adams, M.L. Holding, Z.L. Nikolakis, S.S. Gopalan, C.F. Smith^*, J.M. Parker, J.M. Meik, M. DeGiorgio, S.P. Mackessy, T.A. Castoe. The roles of balancing selection and recombination in the evolution of rattlesnake venom.Nature Ecology and Evolution 6:1367-1380. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-022-01829-5
• Perry, B.W., Gopalan, S.S., Pasquesi, G.I.M., Schield, D.R., Westfall, A.K., Smith*, C.F., Koludarov, I., Chippindale, P.T., Pellegrino, M.W., Chuong, E.B., Mackessy, S.P., Castoe, T.A. 2022. Snake venom gene expression is coordinated by novel regulatory architecture and the integration of multiple co-opted vertebrate pathways. Genome Research 32:1058–1073.https://genome.cshlp.org/content/32/6/1058.full.pdf+html?sid=f6430629-1791-4a96-8bb8-f15829c9d1fd.
• van Thiel, J., Khan, M.A., Wouters, R.M., Harris, R., Casewell, N., Fry, B.G., Kini, R.M., Mackessy, S.P., Wüster, W., Richardson, M.K. 2022. Convergent evolution of toxin resistance in animals. Biological Reviews. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/brv.12865
• Mackessy, S.P. 2022. Venom glands of reptiles: production and secretion. Journal of Experimental Biology 225 (7): jeb227348. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.227348
• Jucá, T.L., Ramos, M.V., Cilli, E.M., Neto, A.E.V., Mackessy, S.P.,  Monteiro-Moreira, A.C.O. 2022. Insights on the inhibition properties of Jatromollistatin (a cyclic heptapeptide) against Crotalus adamanteus metalloendopeptidase using molecular docking analysis.Journal of Molecular Recognition Feb 26:e2957. doi: 10.1002/jmr.2957.  http://doi.org/10.1002/jmr.2957 
• Goldberg, S.R., Bursey, C.R., Mackessy, S.P.. 2022. Cornufer guentheri (Gunther's Triangle Frog).Endoparasites.Herpetological Review (in press).
• Goldberg, S.R., Bursey, C.R., Mackessy, S.P. 2022. Varanus macraei  (Blue Tree Monitor). Endoparasites.Herpetological Review 53(2): 332-333.

2021

• Modahl, C.M., A.J. Saviola, S.P. Mackessy. 2021. Integration of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches for snake venom profiling.Expert Review of Proteomics 18(10): 827-834. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789450.2021.1995357

• Mukherjee, A.K., S.P. Mackessy. 2021. Prevention and improvement of clinical management of snakebite in Southern Asian countries: A proposed road map.Toxicon 200:140-152. https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1dTrq_xhNNfHi

• Jucá, TL, Oliveira Normando LR, Ibrahim AB, Chapeaurouge A, de Oliveira Monteiro-Moreira, AC, Mackessy SP. 2021. Drought, desertification and poverty: a geospatial analysis of snakebite envenoming in the Caatinga biome of Brazil.International Journal of Health Planning and Management 36:1-12. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hpm.3180

• Schield, D.R., B.W. Perry, Z.L. Nikolakis, S.P. Mackessy, T.A. Castoe. 2021. Population genomic analyses confirm male-biased mutation rates in snakes.Journal of Heredity 112(2):221-227. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esab005

• Balchan*, N.R., S.P. Mackessy. 2021. Sistrurus tergeminus edwardsii (Desert Massasauga). Reproduction.Herpetological Review 52(2):433-434.

• Heyborne, W.H., S.P. Mackessy. 2021. Venoms of New World vinesnakes (Oxybelis aeneus and O. fulgidus).Toxicon 190:22-30. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0041010120309491

2020

• Perry, B.W., D.R. Schield, A.K. Westfall, S.P. Mackessy, T.A. Castoe. 2020. Physiological demands and signaling associated with snake venom production and storage illustrated by transcriptional analyses of venom glands.Scientific Reports 10:18083.  PDF  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-75048-y
• Smith*, C.F.,S.P. Mackessy. 2020. Asymmetrical expression of toxins between the left and right venom glands from an individual Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis).Toxicon 186:105-108.  PDF  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0041010120303457
• Mackessy SP, Wendy Bryan, Cara F. Smith*, Keira Lopez**, Julián Fernández, Fabián Bonilla, Mahmood Sasa, Bruno Lomonte. Venomics of the Central American Lyre Snake Trimorphodon quadruplex (Colubridae: Smith, 1941) from Costa Rica.PDF    Journal of Proteomics 220:103778. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874391920301469?via%3Dihub 
• Goldberg, S.R., C.R. Bursey, S.P. Mackessy. 2020. Xenopeltis unicolor (Sunbeam Snake). Parasites.Herpetological Review 51(3):632.  PDF
• Modahl CM, Roointan A, Rogers** J, Currier** K, Mackessy SP. Interspecific and intraspecific venom enzymatic variation among Cobras (Naja sp. and Ophiophagus hannah). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C 232:108743.  PDFhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1532045620300430
• Schield, DR, GIM Pasquesi, BW Perry, RH Adams, ZL Nikolakis, AK Westfall, RW Orton, JM Meik, SP Mackessy, TA Castoe. Snake recombination landscapes are concentrated in functional regions despite PRDM9.  Molecular Biology and Evolution 37(5):1272-1294   PDF    https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa003
• Keyler DE, Saini V, O’Shea M, Gee J, Smith* CF, Mackessy SP. 2020. Crotalus oreganus concolor: Envenomation case with venom analysis, and a diagnostic conundrum of myo-neurological symptoms. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 31(2):220-225. PDFhttps://www.wemjournal.org/article/S1080-6032(20)30006-5/fulltext

2019

• Watson, JA, Spencer, CL, Schield, DR, Butler, BO, Smith, LL, Flores-Villela, O, Campbell, JA, Mackessy, SP, Castoe, TA, Meik, JM. 2019. Geographic variation in morphology in the Mohave Rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus Kennicott 1861) (Serpentes: Viperidae): implications for species boundaries.  Zootaxa 4683 (1):129–143. PDF   https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/article/view/zootaxa.4683.1.7
• Grabowsky*, E.R. Mackessy, S.P. 2019. Predator-prey interactions and venom composition in a high elevation lizard specialist, Crotalus pricei (Twin-spotted Rattlesnake). Toxicon 170:28-40. PDF  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.09.011
• Modahl, C.M. and Mackessy, S.P. Venoms of rear-fanged snakes: New proteins and novel activities. 2019. Front. Ecol. Evol. 7:279. PDF  https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00279
• Perry, B.W., Andrew, A.L. Kamal, A.H.M., Card, D.C., Schield, D.R., Pasquesi, G.I.M., Pellegrino, M., McGaugh, S.E., Mackessy, S.P., Chowdhury, S., Secor, S.M. and Castoe, T.A. 2019. Multi-species comparisons of snakes identify coordinated signalling networks underlying post-feeding intestinal regeneration.  Proceedings of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences 286: 20190910  PDF  https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0910
• Schield, D.R., B.W. Perry, R.H. Adams, D.C. Card, T. Jezkova, G.I.M. Pasquesi, Z.L. Nikolakis, K. Row, J.M. Meik, C.F. Smith*, S.P. Mackessy, and T.A. Castoe. 2019. Allopatric divergence and secondary contact with gene flow – a recurring theme in rattlesnake speciation.Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 128(1):149-169.  PDF  https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz077
• Jones*, BK, Saviola, AJ, Reilly, SB, Stubbs, AL, Arida, E, Iskandar, DT, McGuire, JA, Yates III, JR, Mackessy, SP. 2019. Venom composition and diversity in a phenotypically variable pit viper (Trimeresurus insularis) across the Lesser Sunda Archipelago. Journal of Proteome Research 18(5):2206-2220.  PDF  https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00077
• Schield, D.R., D.C. Card, N.R. Hales, B.W. Perry, G.I.M. Pasquesi, H. Blackmon, R.H. Adams, A.B. Corbin, C.F. Smith*, B. Ramesh, J.P. Demuth, E. Betrán, M. Tollis, J.M. Meik, S.P. Mackessy, T.A. Castoe. 2019. The origins and evolution of chromosomes, dosage compensation, and mechanisms underlying venom regulation in snakes. Genome Research 29(4):590-601.  PDF  doi:10.1101/gr.240952.118. https://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2019/03/15/gr.240952.118.abstract

• Sánchez, MN, Teibler, GP, Sciani, JM, Casafus, MG, Maruñak, SL, Mackessy, SP, Peichoto, ME. 2019. Unveiling toxicological aspects of venom from the Aesculapian False Coral Snake Erythrolamprus aesculapii. Toxicon 164:71-81.  PDF  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041010119301199

• Rex*, CJ, Mackessy, SP. 2019. Venom composition of adult Western Diamondback Rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) maintained under controlled diet and environmental conditions shows only minor changes. Toxicon 164:51-60.  PDF  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041010119301126

• Brandehoff N, Smith* CF, Buchanan JA, Mackessy SP, Bonney CF. 2019. First reported case of thrombocytopenia from a Heterodon nasicus envenomation.Toxicon 157:12-17.  PDF   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.295

2018

• Smith*, CF, McGlaughlin M, Mackessy SP. 2018. DNA barcodes from snake venom: An improved method for the extraction of DNA from venoms of front- and rear-fanged snakes. BioTechniques 65 (6):339-345. PDF

• Strickland JL, Smith* CF, Mason AJ, Borja M, Castañeda-Gaytán G, Schield DR, Castoe TA, Spencer CL, Smith LL, Trápaga A, Bouzid NM, Campillo-García G, Flores-Villela OA, Antonio-Rangel D, Rokyta DR, Mackessy SP, Parkinson CL. 2018. Evidence for divergent patterns of local selection driving venom variation in Mojave Rattlesnakes (Crotalus scutulatus). Scientific Reports 8:17622.   PDFhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-35810-9

• Kalita B, Mackessy SP, Mukherjee AK. Biochemical and proteomic analyses reveal geographic variation in venom composition of Russell’s Viper in the Indian subcontinent: Implications for clinical manifestations post-envenomation and antivenom treatment. Expert Review of Proteomics 15:837-849.    PDF     https://doi.org/10.1080/14789450.2018.1528150

• Chapeaurouge A, Silva A, Carvalho P, McCleary R, Modahl CM, Perales J, Kini RM, Mackessy SP 2018. Proteomic deep mining the venom of the Red-Headed Krait, Bungarus flaviceps. Toxins 10:373. PDF
• Modahl CM, Frietze S, Mackessy SP. 2018. Transcriptome-facilitated proteomic characterization of rear-fanged snake venoms reveal abundant metalloproteinases with enhanced activity. Journal of Proteomics 187:223-234.   PDF    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874391918303087
• Modahl, CM, Mrinalini, Frietze SE, and Mackessy SP. Adaptive evolution of prey-specific three-finger toxins in the Amazon Puffing Snake, Spilotes sulphureus. 2018. Proceedings of the Royal Society B – Biological Sciences 285: 20181003. Adaptive evolution of distinct prey-specific toxin genes in rear-fanged snake venom | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (royalsocietypublishing.org)  Reviewed in New Scientist and Newsweek.   PDF   
• Perry B, DC Card, JW McGlothlin, GIM Pasquesi, RH Adams, DR Schield, NR Hales, AB Corbin, JP Demuth, FG Hoffmann, MW Vandewege, R Schott, N Bhattacharyya, BSW Chang, NR Casewell, G Whiteley, J Reyes-Velasco, SP Mackessy, KB Storey, KK Biggar, CN Passow, C-H Kuo, SE McGaugh, AM Bronikowski, J De Koning, SV Edwards, ME Pfrender, P Minx,  ED Brodie III, ED Brodie, Jr., WC Warren, and TA Castoe. 2018. Molecular adaptations for sensing and securing prey, and insight into amniote genome diversity, from the garter snake genome. Genome Biology and Evolution 10(8):2110-2129.   PDF    https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/10/8/2110/5061318
• Schield DR, Card DC, Adams RH, Corbin AB, Jezkova T, Hales NR, Meik JM, Perry BW, Spencer CL, Smith LL, Campillo García G, Bouzid NM, Strickland JL, Parkinson CL, Borja-Jiménez M, Castañeda-Gaytán C, Bryson RW, Flores-Villela OA, Mackessy SP, Castoe TA. (2017) Cryptic genetic diversity, population structure, and gene flow in the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127: 669-681.   PDF    https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1XRuG3m3nMqVoW
• Mackessy, S.P., Leroy**, J., Mociño-Deloya, E., Setser, K., Bryson, R.W., Saviola, A.J. 2018. Venom ontogeny in the Mexican Lance-headed Rattlesnake (Crotalus polystictus). Toxins 10, 271. doi:10.3390/toxins10070271 PDF
• Mukherjee, AK, Saviola AJ, Mackessy SP. 2018. Cellular mechanism of resistance of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells against apoptosis-induction by Russell’s Viper venom L-amino acid oxidase (Rusvinoxidase). Biochimie 150:8-15.   PDF      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29702182
• Sánchez MN, Teibler GP, López CA, Mackessy SP, Peichoto MA. 2018. Assessment of the potential toxicological hazard of the Green Parrot Snake (Leptophis ahaetulla marginatus): characterization of its venom and venom-delivery system. Toxicon 148: 202-212. PFD
• Pla, D., D. Petras, A.J. Saviola, C.M. Modahl, L. Sanz, A. Pérez, E. Juárez, S. Frietze, P.C. Dorrestein, S.P. Mackessy, J.J. Calvete. 2018 Transcriptomics-guided bottom-up and top-down venomics of neonate and adult specimens of the arboreal rear-fanged Brown Treesnake, Boiga irregularis, from Guam. J. Proteomics 174:71-84. PDF
• Dawson* GD, Mackessy SP. 2018. Crotalus viridis viridis (Prairie Rattlesnake). Reproduction: male-male-male combat. Herpetological Review 49:545.   PDF   

2017

• Saviola AJ, Gandara* AJ, Bryson Jr. RW, Mackessy SP. 2017. Venom phenotypes of the Rock Rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus) and the Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi) from México and the United States. Toxicon 138:119-129. PDF
• Schield, D., Adams, R., Card, D., Perry, B., Pasquesi, G., Jezkova, T., Portik, D., Andrew, A., Spencer, C., Sanchez, E., Fujita, M.K., Mackessy, S.P., Castoe, T. 2017. Insight into the roles of selection in speciation from genomic patterns of divergence and introgression in secondary contact in venomous rattlesnakes. Ecology and Evolution 7:3951-3966. doi: 10.1002/ece3.2996 PDF
• Saviola, A.J., Mackessy, S.P. 2017. Observations on the chemosensory responses of the midget faded rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus concolor): discrimination of envenomated prey in a type II venom species. Journal of Ethology 35(2):245-250. doi:10.1007/s10164-017-0511-2. PDF

2016

• Smith*, C.F., S.P. Mackessy. 2016. The effects of hybridization on divergent venom phenotypes: Characterization of venom from Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus X Crotalus oreganus hellerihybrids. Toxicon 120:110-123. PDF

• Mukherjee, A.K., S. Dutta, B. Kalita, D.K. Jha, P. Deb, S.P. Mackessy. 2016. Structural and functional characterization of complex formation between two Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors from Russell’s Viper venom. Biochimie 128-129:138-147.PDF

•  Modahl*, C.M., S.P. Mackessy. 2016. Full-length venom protein cDNA sequences from venom-derived mRNA: exploring compositional variation and adaptive multigene evolution. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10(6): e0004587. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004587. PDF

• Modahl*, C.M., A.K. Mukherjee, S.P. Mackessy. 2016. An analysis of venom ontogeny and prey-specific toxicity in the Monocled Cobra (Naja kaouthia). Toxicon 119:8-20. PDF
• Saviola*, A.J., P.D. Burns, A.K. Mukherjee, S.P. Mackessy. 2016. The disintegrin tzabcanin inhibits adhesion and migration in melanoma and lung cancer cells. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 88:457-464. PDF
• Junqueira-de-Azevedo, I.L.M., P.F. Campos, A.T.C. Ching, S.P. Mackessy. 2016. Colubrid venom composition: an -omics perspective. Toxins 8:230-253. PDF
• Mukherjee, A.K., B. Kalita, S.P. Mackessy. 2016. A proteomics analysis of Pakistan Daboia russelii russelii venom and assessment of potency of Indian polyvalent and monovalent antivenom. Journal of Proteomics 144:73-86. PDF
• Wastell*, A.R., S.P. Mackessy. 2016. Desert Massasauga Rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii) in southeastern Colorado: life history, reproduction and communal hibernation.  Journal of Herpetology (in press). PDF
• Mackessy, S.P., A.J. Saviola*. 2016. Understanding biological roles of venoms among the Caenophidia: the importance of rear-fanged snakes. Integrative and Comparative Biology 56(5):1004-1021. PDF

2015

• Mukherjee AK, AJ Saviola*, PD Burns, SP Mackessy. 2015. Apoptosis induction in human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells by a new L-amino acid oxidase (Rusvinoxidase) purified from Daboia russelii russelii venom is independent of its enzymatic activity and does not require caspase-3 activation. Apoptosis 20:1358-1372.PDF
• Saviola* AJ, CM Modahl*, SP Mackessy. 2015. Disintegrins of Crotalus simus tzabcan: isolation, characterization and evaluation of the cytotoxic and anti-adhesion activities of tzabcanin, a new RGD disintegrin. Biochimie 116:92-102. PDF
• Chapeaurouge, A., Md. A. Reza, S.P. Mackessy, P.C. Carvalho, R.H. Valente, A. Teixeira-Ferreira, J. Perales, Q. Lin, R.M. Kini. 2015. Interrogating the venom of the viperid snake Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii by a combined approach of electrospray and MALDI mass spectrometry. PLoS One 10(5): e0092091. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092091 PDF
• Saviola*, A.J., D. Pla, L. Sanz, T.A. Castoe, J.J. Calvete, S.P. Mackessy. 2015. Comparative venomics of the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) from Colorado: Identification of a novel pattern of ontogenetic changes in venom composition and assessment of the immunoreactivity of the commercial antivenom CroFab^®. Journal of Proteomics 121:28-43. PDF
• Reyes-Velasco J., D.C. Card, A. Andrew, K.J. Shaney, R.H. Adams, D. Schield, N. Casewell, S.P. Mackessy, T.A. Castoe. 2015. Expression of venom gene homologs in diverse python tissues suggests a new model for the evolution of snake venom. Molecular Biology and Evolution 32(1):173-183. [Epub ahead of print 14 Oct 2014]. PDF
• Bradshaw**, M.J., A.J. Saviola*, E. Fesler**, S.P. Mackessy. 2016. Evaluation of cytotoxic activities of snake venoms toward breast and skin cancer cell lines. Cytotechnology (early online publication 19 Nov 2014). http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10616-014-9820-2. PDF
• Schield, DR, D.C. Card, R.H. Adams, T. Jezkova, J. Reyes-Velasco, F.N. Proctor, C.L. Spencer, H. Werner Herrmann, S.P. Mackessy, T.A. Castoe. 2015. Incipient speciation with biased gene flow between two lineages of the Western Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 83C:213-223. PDF

2014

• McGivern, J.J., K.P. Wray, M.J. Margres, M.E. Couch, S.P. Mackessy, D.R. Rokyta. 2014. RNA-seq and high-definition mass spectrometry reveal the complex and divergent venoms of two rear-fanged colubrid snakes. BMC Genomics 15:1061. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/15/1061.  PDF
• Mukherjee, AK, S Dutta, SP Mackessy. 2014. A new C-type lectin (RVsnaclec) purified from venom of Daboia russelii russelii shows anticoagulant activity via inhibition of FXa and concentration-dependent differential response to platelets in a Ca²⁺-independent manner. Thrombosis Research 134:1150–1156. PDF
• Saviola*, A.J., M.E. Peichoto, S.P. Mackessy. 2014. Rear-fanged snake venoms: an untapped source of novel compounds and potential drug leads. Toxin Reviews 33(4): 185–201. (doi: 10.3109/15569543.2014.942040).  PDF
• Mukherjee, A.K., S.P. Mackessy. 2014. Pharmacological properties and pathophysiological significance of a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor (Rusvikunin-II) and its protein complex (Rusvikunin complex) purified from Daboia russelii russelii venom. Toxicon 89:55-66.  PDF
• Mukherjee, A.K., S.P. Mackessy, S. Dutta. 2014. Characterization of a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor peptide (Rusvikunin) purified from Daboia russelii russelii venom. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 67:154-162.  PDF

2013

• Castoe, T.A., A.P.J. de Koning, K.T. Hall, D.C. Card, D.R. Schield, M.K. Fujita, R.P. Ruggiero, J.F. Degner, J.M. Daza, W. Gu, J. Reyes-Velasco, K.J. Shaney, J.M. Castoe, S.E. Fox, A.W. Poole, D. Polanco, J. Dobry, M.W. Vandewege, Q. Li, R. Schott, A. Kapusta, P. Minx, C. Feschotte, P. Uetz, D.A. Ray, F. Hoffman, R. Bogden, E.N. Smith, B.S.W. Chang, F. Vonk, N.R. Casewell, C. Henkel, M.K. Richardson, S.P. Mackessy, A.M. Bronikowski, M. Yandell, W.C. Warren, S.M. Secor, D.D. Pollock. 2013. The Burmese python genome reveals the molecular basis for extreme adaptation in snakes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (51):20645-20650. PDF
• Heyborne*, W.H., S.P. Mackessy. 2013. Isolation and characterization of a taxon-specific three-finger toxin from the venom of the Green Vinesnake (Oxybelis fulgidus; family Colubridae). Biochimie 95:1923-1932.PDF
• Mukherjee, A.K., S.P. Mackessy. 2013. Biochemical and pharmacological properties of a new thrombin-like serine protease (Russelobin) from the venom of Russell’s Viper (Daboia russelii russelii) and assessment of its therapeutic potential. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1830:3476–3488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.007.  PDF
• Saviola*, A.J., D. Chiszar, C. Busch, S.P. Mackessy. 2013. Molecular basis for prey relocation in viperid snakes. BMC Biology 11:20 doi:10.1186/1741-7007-11-20. Highly accessed - 7518 accesses through BMC (since 1 March 2013) and evaluated by Faculty of 1000  http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1741-7007-11-20.  PDF
• Saviola*, A.J., D. Chiszar, H.M. Smith S.P. Mackessy. 2013. An analysis of chemosensory response in stunted Prairie Rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis viridis). Current Zoology 59 (2):175-179. PDF
• Siers, S.R., G.A. Swayze, S.P. Mackessy. 2013. Spectral analysis reveals limited potential for enhanced-wavelength detection of invasive snakes. Herpetological Review 44(1):52-54.  PDF

2012

• Peichoto, M.E., F.L. Tavares, M.L. Santoro, S.P. Mackessy. 2012. Venom proteomes of South and North American opisthoglyphous (Colubridae and Dipsadidae) snake species: A preliminary approach to understanding their biological roles. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology part D 7:361-369  (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbd.2012.08.001). PDF
• Castoe, T.A., E.L. Braun, A.M. Bronikowski, C.L. Cox, A.R.D. Rabosky, A.P.J. de Koning, J. Dobry, M.K. Fujita, M.W Giorgianni, A. Hargreaves, C.V. Henkel, S.P. Mackessy, D. O’Meally, D.R. Rokyta, S.M. Secor, J.W. Streicher, K.P. Wray, K.D. Yokoyama, D.D. Pollock. 2012. Report from the First Snake Genomics and Integrative Biology Meeting. Standards in Genomic Sciences 7:150-152.PDF
• Weldon*, C.L. and S.P. Mackessy. 2012. Alsophinase, a new P-III metalloproteinase with alpha-fibrinogenolytic and hemorrhagic activity from the venom of the Puerto Rican Racer Alsophis portoricensis (Serpentes: Dipsadidae). Biochimie 94:1189-1198. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2012.02.006.  PDF
• Mackessy, S.P. 2012. Findlay Ewing Russell – Obituary. Herpetological Review 43(1):10-11. PDF
• Saviola*, A.J., D. Chiszar, and S.P. Mackessy. 2012. Ontogenetic shift in response to prey-derived chemical cues in prairie rattlesnakes Crotalus viridis viridis. Current Zoology 58(4):549-555. PDF

2011 and earlier

• Castoe, T.A., AP J. de Koning, K.T. Hall, K.D. Yokoyama, W. Gu, E.N. Smith, C. Feschotte, P. Uetz, D.A. Ray, J. Dobry, R. Bogden, S.P Mackessy, A.M. Bronikowski, W.C. Warren, S.M. Secor and D. D. Pollock. 2011. Sequencing the genome of the Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus) as a model for studying extreme adaptations in snakes. Genome Biology 12:406. PDF 
• Peichoto, M.E., F.L. Tavares, G. DeKrey, S.P. Mackessy. 2011. A comparative study of the effects of venoms from five rear-fanged snake species on the growth of Leishmania major: identification of a protein with inhibitory activity against the parasite. Toxicon 58:28–34. PDF 
• Wastell*, Andrew R. and S.P. Mackessy. 2011. Spatial ecology of the Desert Massasauga Rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii) in southeastern Colorado: habitat and resource utilization. Copeia 2011(1):29–37. PDF 
• Peichoto, M.E., A. Paes Leme, B. Pauletti, I. Correia Batista, S.P. Mackessy, O. Acosta and M.Santoro. 2010. Autolysis at the disintegrin domain of patagonfibrase, a metalloproteinase from Philodryas patagoniensis (Patagonia Green Racer; Dipsadidae) venom. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Proteins and Proteomics 1804:1937–1942. PDF
• Mackessy, S.P. 2010. The evolution of venom composition in the Western Rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis sensu lato): toxicity versus tenderizers. Toxicon 55:1463-1474. PDF
• Hayes, W.K. and S.P. Mackessy. 2010. Clinical tales from snakebite cases: are rattlesnakes evolving more toxic venom? Wilderness and Environmental Medicine 21:35-45.PDF
  Weldon*, C.L. and S.P. Mackessy. 2010. Biological and proteomic analysis of venom from the Puerto Rican Racer (Alsophis portoricensis: Dipsadidae). Toxicon 55:558-569. PDF
• Mackessy, S.P. 2010. Crotalus viridis viridis (Prairie Rattlesnake). Noxious weeds as a hazard to snakes. Herpetological Review 41(3):363.
• Doley, R., S.P. Mackessy and R.M. Kini. 2009. Role of accelerated segment switch in exons to alter targeting (ASSET) in the molecular evolution of snake venom proteins. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9:146. PDF
• Peichoto, M.E., S.P. Mackessy, P. Teibler, F.L. Tavares, P.L. Burckhardt, M.C. Breno, O. Acosta and M. L. Santoro. 2009. Purification and characterization of a cysteine-rich secretory protein from Philodryas patagoniensis (Dipsadidae) snake venom. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 150:79-84. PDF
• Pawlak, J., S.P. Mackessy, N.M. Sixberry*, E.A. Stura, M.H. Le Du, R. Menez, C.S. Foo, A. Menez, S. Nirthanan and R.M. Kini. 2009. Irditoxin, a novel covalently linked heterodimeric three-finger toxin with high taxon-specific neurotoxicity. FASEB Journal 23:534-545. PDF reprint.
• Gibbs, L., SP Mackessy. 2009. Functional basis of a molecular adaptation: Prey-specic toxic effects of venom from Sistrurus rattlesnakes. Toxicon 53: 672-679. PDF reprint.
• Pahari, S., S.P. Mackessy and R.M. Kini. 2007. The venom gland transcriptome of the Desert Massasauga Rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii): towards an understanding of venom composition among advanced snakes (Superfamily Colubroidea). BMC Molecular Biology 8:115-. PDF reprint
• Campbell*, S.R., S.P. Mackessy and J.A. Clarke. 2008. Microhabitat use by Brown Treesnakes (Boiga irregularis): effects of moonlight and prey. Journal of Herpetology 42(2):246-250. PDF reprint
• Doley, R., S. Pahari, S.P. Mackessy and R.M. Kini. 2008. Accelerated exchange of exon segments in viperid three-finger toxin genes (Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii; Desert Massasauga). BMC Evolutionary Biology 8:196. PDF reprint
• Peichoto, M.E., P. Teibler, S.P. Mackessy, L. Leiva, O. Acosta, L. R. C. Gonçalves, A. M. Tanaka-Azevedo and M. L. Santoro. 2007. Purification and biological activities of patagonfibrase, an alpha-fibrinogenase from Philodryas patagoniensis snake venom. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1770:810-819. PDF reprint
• Pawlak, J., S.P. Mackessy, B.G. Fry, M. Bhatia, G. Mourier, C. Fruchart-Gaillard, D. Servent, R. Ménez, E. Stura, A. Ménez and R. M. Kini. 2006. Denmotoxin: a three-finger toxin from colubrid snake Boiga dendrophila (Mangrove Catsnake) with bird-specific activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 281 (39):29030-29041. PDF reprint
• Sanz, L., H.L.Gibbs, S.P. Mackessy and J.J. Calvete. 2006. Venom proteomes of closely related Sistrurus rattlesnakes with divergent diets. Journal of Proteome Research 5:2098-2112. PDF reprint
• Seibert, C.S., Tanaka-Azevedo, A. M., Santoro, M. L.,  Mackessy, S. P., Torquato, R. J. S., Lebrun, I. and Tanaka, A. S.  (2006) Purification of a phospholipase A2 from Lonomia obliqua caterpillar bristle extract.  Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 342:1027-1033.  PDF reprint
• Mackessy, S.P., Sixberry*, N.M., Heyborne, W.H. and Fritts, T.  (2006) Venom of the Brown Treesnake, Boiga irregularis: ontogenetic shifts and taxa-specific toxicity.  Toxicon 47:537-548.  PDF reprint
• Mackessy, S.P. and Baxter*, L.M. (2006) Bioweapons synthesis and storage: the venom gland of front-fanged snakes.  Zoologischer Anzeiger 25: 147-159. PDF reprint
• Mackessy, S.P.  (2005) Desert Massasauga Rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii): a technical conservation assessment. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region.  57 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/projects/scp/assessments/massasauga.  PDF reprint
• Munekiyo*, S. M. and Mackessy, S.P. (2005) Presence of peptide inhibitors in rattlesnake venoms and their effects on endogenous metalloproteases. Toxicon 45: 255-263. PDF reprint
• Scott, Eugenie C., ... Mackessy, S.P. et al. (2004) The Morphology of Steve. Annals of Improbable Research, July/August. pp. 24-29. PDF reprint
• Huang*, P. and Mackessy, S.P. (2004) Biochemical characterization of phospholipase A2 (trimorphin) from the venom of the Sonoran lyre snake Trimorphodon biscutatus lambda (family Colubridae). Toxicon 44 (1): 25-34. PDF reprint
• Hobert*, J.P., Montgomery*, C.E. and Mackessy, S.P. (2004) Natural history of the massasauga rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus) in Colorado. Southwestern Naturalist 49 (3): 321-326. PDF reprint
• Mackessy, S.P. , Williams**, K. and Ashton, K. (2003) Characterization of the venom of the midget faded rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus concolor): a case of venom paedomorphosis? Copeia 2003 (4): 769-782. PDF reprint
• Montgomery *, C.E., Mackessy, S.P. and Moore , J.C. (2003) Body size variation in the Texas horned lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum, from central Mexico to Colorado . Journal of Herpetology 37 (3): 550-553.
• Montgomery*, C.E. and Mackessy, S.P. (2003) Natural history of the Texas horned lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum (Phrynosomatidae), in southeastern Colorado . Southwest Naturalist 48(1): 111-118. PDF reprint
• Mackessy, S.P. (2002) Biochemistry and pharmacology of colubrid snake venoms. Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Reviews 21(1 & 2):43-83.  PDF reprint
• Mackessy, S.P. (2002) Toxinology of colubrid snakes: biology, venoms and envenomation. Introduction to the special volume. Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Reviews 21(1 & 2):vii-ix. PDF reprint
• Holycross, A. and Mackessy, S.P. (2002) Variation in the diet of Sistrurus catenatus (massasauga), with emphasis on S. c. edwardsii (desert massasauga). J. Herpetology 36(3): 454-464.  PDF reprint
• Montgomery*, C.E. and Mackessy, S.P. (2000) Phrynosoma cornutum (Texas Horned Lizard) movement. Herpetological Review 32(4): 258.
• Hill*, Robert E. and Mackessy, S.P. 2000. Characterization of venom (Duvernoy's secretion) from twelve species of colubrid snakes with partial sequence of four venom proteins. Toxicon 38(12):1663-1687. PDF reprint
• Montgomery, Chad and Mackessy, S.P. 1999. Heterodon nasicus nasicus (Plains Hognose Snake). Lack of paralysis following vertebral disjunction. Herpetological Review 30(4): 227-228.
• Chiszar, D., Walters, A., Urbaniak, J., Smith, H.M. and Mackessy, S.P. 1999. Discrimination between envenomated and non-envenomated prey by western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox): chemosensory consequences of venom. Copeia 1999(3): 640-648.
• Livo, L.J., Hammerson, G.A., Smith, H.M., Chiszar, D. and Mackessy, S.P. 1998. Status of chorus frogs (genus Pseudacris) in southeastern Colorado. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 34 (1): 22-28.
• Munekiyo**, S.M. and Mackessy, S.P. 1998. Effects of temperature and storage conditions on the electrophoretic, toxic and enzymatic stability of venom components. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 119B (1): 119-127. PDF reprint.
• Schuett, G. W., Fernandez, P.J., Gergits, W.F., Casna, N.J., Chiszar, D., Smith, H.M., Mitton, J.B., Mackessy, S.P. and Odum, A.R. and Demlong, M. 1998. Production of offspring in the absence of males: evidence for facultative parthenogenesis in bisexual snakes. Herpetological Natural History 5(1):1-10.
• Hill*, R.E. and Mackessy, S.P. 1997. Venom yields from several species of colubrid snakes and differential effects of ketamine. Toxicon 35(5):671-678. PDF reprint
• Mackessy, S.P. 1996. Characterization of the major metalloprotease isolated from the venom of Crotalus viridis oreganus. Toxicon 34(11/12):1277-1285. PDF reprint
• Holzer**, M. and Mackessy, S.P. 1996. An aqueous endpoint assay of snake venom phospholipase A2. Toxicon 34 (10): 1149-1155. PDF reprint
• Clarke, J.A. Chopko*, J.T. and Mackessy, S.P. 1996. The effect of moonlight on activity patterns of adult and juvenile prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis viridis). Journal of Herpetology 30(2): 192-197.
• Chiszar, D., Belcher, D., Mackessy, S.P., Petkus, A. and Smith, H.M. 1994. Stimulation of ingestion in solenoglyphous snakes. Herpetological Review 25 (4): 158-159.
  Mackessy, S.P. 1993. Kalikrein-like and thrombin-like proteases from the venum of juvenile Northern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis oreganus). Journal of Natural Toxins 2(2): 223-239. PDF reprint.
• Utaisincharoen, P., Mackessy, S.P., Miller, R.A. and Tu, A.T. 1993. Complete primary structure and biochemical properties of gilatoxin, a serine protease with kallikrein-like and angiotensin-degrading activities. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 (29): 21975-21983. PDF reprint
• Mackessy, S.P. (1991) Morphology and ultrastructure of the venom glands of the northern Pacific rattlesnake Crotalus viridis oreganus. Journal of Morphology 207: 1-20. PDF reprint
• Mackessy, S.P. 1988. Venom ontogeny in the Pacific rattlesnakes Crotalus viridis helleri and Crotalus viridis oreganus. Copeia 1988:92-101. PDF reprint.
• Johnson, E.K., Kardong, K.V. and Mackessy, S.P. 1987. Electric shocks are ineffective in treatment of lethal effects of rattlesnake envenomation in mice. Toxicon 25 (12):1347-49. PDF
• Mackessy, S.P. 1985. Fractionation of red diamond rattlesnake (Crotalus ruber ruber) venom: protease, phosphodiesterase, L-amino acid oxidase activities and effects of metal ions on protease activity. Toxicon 23(2):337-340. PDF

Books

• Mackessy, S.P., ed. 2021. Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles, 2nd Ed. Forty-two chapters. 652 pp. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL. (in production). June 2021.
• Dreslik, M. J., W. K. Hayes, S. J. Beaupre, and S. P. Mackessy (eds.). 2017. The Biology of Rattlesnakes II. ECO Herpetological Publishing and Distribution, Rodeo, New Mexico (July 2017).
• Mackessy, S.P., ed. 2010. Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles. Twenty-four chapters, 521 p. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL.

Book chapters

• Mackessy, S. P. (2021). Reptile Venoms and Toxins: Unlimited Opportunities for Basic and Applied Research. In Mackessy, SP (Ed.) Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles, 2nd ed. p. 3-18. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
• Smith, CF, Mackessy, SP (2021). Biochemical Ecology of Venomous Snakes. In S. P. Mackessy (Ed.) Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles, 2nd ed. pp. 147-160. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
• Modahl, CM, Durban J, Mackessy, SP. 2020. Exploring toxin evolution: Venom protein transcript sequencing and transcriptome-guided high-throughput proteomics. In: Snake and Spider Toxins: Methods and Protocols Chapter 6, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 2068:97-127. Priel, A. (ed.). Springer Nature. PDF
• Mackessy, S.P. 2017. The Desert Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii) in Colorado: from biome to proteome. In: Dreslik, M. J., W. K. Hayes, S. J. Beaupre, and S. P. Mackessy (eds.), The Biology of Rattlesnakes II. p. 253–264. Eco Publishing, Rodeo, NM. PDF
• Mackessy, SP, TA Castoe. 2016. Deciphering the evolution of venoms in rattlesnakes: venom and the venom apparatus. In Schuett, G. and Booth, W. (eds.), Rattlesnakes of Arizona Vol. 2, 57-87. Eco Publishing, Rodeo, NM. PDF
• McCabe*, T.M., S.P. Mackessy. 2016. Evolution of resistance to toxins in prey. In: Gopalakrishnakone, P. (ed.), Handbooks of Toxinology. Evolution of Venomous Animals and Their Toxins. Springer Science, Dordrecht. PDF
• Schield, D.R., D.C. Card, J. Reyes-Velasco1, A.L. Andrew, C.A. Modahl*, S.P. Mackessy, D.D. Pollock, T.A. Castoe. 2016. A role for genomics in rattlesnake research – current knowledge and future potential. In Schuett, G.W., M.J. Feldner, C.F. Smith, R.S. Reiserer (eds.), Rattlesnakes of Arizona Vol. 2, 34-53. Eco Publishing, Rodeo, NM. PDF

• Mackessy, S.P., A.J. Saviola*. 2016. Venoms from “non-venomous” snakes: rear-fanged snake venoms as sources of novel compounds. In: Utkin, Y., Krivoshein, A.V. (eds.),  Snake Venoms and Envenomation: Modern Trends and Future Prospects. p. 23-51. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York.

• Modahl* C, AJ Saviola*, SP Mackessy. 2015. Proteomic and genomic approaches to the study of rear-fanged (“colubrid”) snake venoms. In: Gopalakrishnakone, P. (ed.), Handbooks of Toxinology. Venom genomics and proteomics. 23 p. Springer Science, Dordrecht.PDF

• Shaney, K.J., D.C. Card, D.R. Schield, R.P. Ruggiero, D.D. Pollock, S.P. Mackessy, T.A. Castoe. 2014. Squamate reptile genomics and evolution. In Gopalakrishnakone, P. (ed.), Handbooks of Toxinology. Venom genomics and proteomics. 18 p. PDF
• Mackessy, S.P. 2010. Thrombin-like enzymes in snake venoms. In Kini, R.M., M.A. McLane, K. Clemetson, F.S. Markland and T. Morita, (eds.), Toxins and Hemostasis: From Bench to Bedside, p. 519-557. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.PDF
• Mackessy, S.P. 2010. The field of reptile toxinology: snakes, lizards and their venoms. In Mackessy, S.P. (ed.), Handbook ofVenoms and Toxins of Reptiles, p. 3-23. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL. PDF
• Heyborne, W.H. and S.P. Mackessy. 2010. Cysteine-rich secretory proteins in reptile venoms. In Mackessy, S.P. (ed.), Handbook ofVenoms and Toxins of Reptiles, p. 325-336. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL. PDF
• Mackessy, S.P.  2008. Venom composition in rattlesnakes: trends and biological significance. In W.K. Hayes, K.R. Beaman, M.D. Cardwell, and S.P. Bush (editors), The Biology of Rattlesnakes, p. 495-510. Loma Linda University Press, Loma Linda, CA. PDF
• Mackessy, S.P. 1998. Phosphodiesterases, DNases and RNases. In: Bailey, G.S. (ed.), Enzymes from Snake Venoms, p. 361-404. Alaken Press, Inc., Ft. Collins, CO, USA. PDF
• Mackessy, S.P. and A.T. Tu. 1993. Biology of the sea snakes and biochemistry of their venoms.  In: Toxin-Related Diseases: Poisons Originating from Plants, Animals and Spoilage, A.T. Tu (Ed.), Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, p. 305-351.PDF